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目前，電纜行業(yè)習(xí)慣將阻燃（ Fire Retardant）、無(wú)鹵低煙（Low Smoke Halogen Free ，LSOH）或低鹵低煙（Low Smoke Fume ，LSF）、耐火（Fire Resistant）等具有一定防火性能的電纜統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為防火電纜。
◎ 阻燃電纜（Flame Retardant）
　　阻燃電纜的特點(diǎn)是延緩火焰沿著電纜蔓延使火災(zāi)不致擴(kuò)大。由于其成本較低，因此是防火電纜中大量采用的電纜品種。無(wú)論是單根線(xiàn)纜還是成束敷設(shè)的條件下，電纜被燃燒時(shí)能將火焰的蔓延控制在一定范圍內(nèi)，因此可以避免因電纜著火延燃而造成的重大災(zāi)害，從而提高電纜線(xiàn)路的防火水平。
◎ 無(wú)鹵低煙阻燃電纜（LSOH）
　　無(wú)鹵低煙電纜的特點(diǎn)是不僅具有優(yōu)良的阻燃性能，而且構(gòu)成低煙無(wú)鹵電纜的材料不含鹵素，燃燒時(shí)的腐蝕性和毒性較低，產(chǎn)生極少量的煙霧，從而減少了對(duì)人體、儀器及設(shè)備的損害，有利于發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)的及時(shí)救援。無(wú)鹵低煙阻燃電纜雖然具有優(yōu)良阻燃性、耐腐蝕性及低煙濃度，但其機(jī)械和電氣性能比普通電纜稍差。
◎ 低鹵低煙阻燃電纜（LSF）
　　低鹵低煙阻燃電纜的氯化氫釋放量和煙濃度指標(biāo)介于阻燃電纜與無(wú)鹵低煙阻燃電纜之間。低鹵（ Low Halogen）電纜的材料中亦會(huì)含有鹵素，但含量較低。這種電纜的特點(diǎn)是不僅具備阻燃性能，而且在燃燒時(shí)釋放的煙量較少，氯化氫釋放量較低。這種低鹵低煙阻燃電纜一般以聚氯乙烯（PVC）為基材，再配以高效阻燃劑、HCL吸收劑及抑煙劑加工而成。因此這種阻燃材料顯著改善了普通阻燃聚氯乙烯料的燃燒性能。
◎ 耐火電纜（Fire Resistant）
　　耐火電纜是在火焰燃燒情況下能保持一定時(shí)間的正常運(yùn)行，可保持線(xiàn)路的完整性（ Circuit Intergrity）。耐火阻燃電纜燃燒時(shí)產(chǎn)生的酸氣煙霧量少，耐火阻燃性能大大提高，特別是在燃燒時(shí)，伴隨著水噴淋和機(jī)械打擊震動(dòng)的情況下，電纜仍可保持線(xiàn)路完整運(yùn)行。

阻燃電纜標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及等級(jí)
　　電纜涉及火災(zāi)安全的主要技術(shù)指標(biāo)是 CO₂電纜的阻燃性、煙霧的密度和氣體的有毒性。美國(guó)防火標(biāo)準(zhǔn)較關(guān)注前兩個(gè)問(wèn)題，但是歐洲和美國(guó)對(duì)火災(zāi)安全有著完全不同的觀點(diǎn)。美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的概念認(rèn)為：火災(zāi)的根源在于一氧化碳（CO）毒氣的產(chǎn)生以及其后的燃燒過(guò)程中CO轉(zhuǎn)化為CO₂的熱釋放，因此，控制燃燒過(guò)程中的熱釋放量可減少火災(zāi)的危害。歐洲傳統(tǒng)以來(lái)深信：在燃燒中產(chǎn)生的鹵酸（HCL）釋放量、氣體腐蝕性、煙霧濃度及氣體毒性是決定人們能否安全脫離火災(zāi)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的主要因素。
IEC阻燃等級(jí)
　　為了評(píng)定線(xiàn)纜的阻燃性能優(yōu)劣，國(guó)際電工委員會(huì)分別制定了 IEC60332-1、IEC60332-2和IEC60332-3三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。IEC60332-1和IEC60332-2分別用來(lái)評(píng)定單根線(xiàn)纜按傾斜和垂直布放時(shí)的阻燃能力（國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)應(yīng)GB12666.3和GB12666.4標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）。IEC60332-3（國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)應(yīng)GB12666.5-90）用來(lái)評(píng)定成束線(xiàn)纜垂直燃燒時(shí)的阻燃能力，相比之下成束線(xiàn)纜垂直燃燒時(shí)在阻燃能力的要求上要高得多。
◎ IEC60332-1/BS4066-1阻燃等級(jí)（單根電線(xiàn)或電纜垂直燃燒測(cè)試 Flame Test On Single Vertical Insulated Wires/Cables）
　　這是單根電纜的阻燃標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。試驗(yàn)規(guī)定，一根 60cm長(zhǎng)的試樣垂直固定在前壁開(kāi)通的金屬箱內(nèi)，火焰長(zhǎng)度175mm的丙烷燃燒器從距試樣的上部固定端450mm的位置上火焰錐與電纜以45度角接觸，如果試樣燃燒損壞部分距離固定端下部不超過(guò)50mm，測(cè)試通過(guò)。
◎ IEC60332-3/BS4066-3阻燃等級(jí)（成束電線(xiàn)或電纜垂直燃燒測(cè)試 Flame Test On BunchedWires/Cables）
　　這是成束電纜的阻燃標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。試驗(yàn)規(guī)定，成束 3.5m長(zhǎng)的電纜試樣用鐵絲固定在梯形測(cè)試架上，試樣數(shù)量按不同分類(lèi)所要求的非金屬物料決定。試樣垂直掛在燃燒爐背壁上，空氣通過(guò)底板上的進(jìn)氣口引入燃燒爐。丙烷平面燃燒器以750℃的火焰與試樣接觸，試樣在強(qiáng)制吹風(fēng)（氣流排放5m3/分鐘，風(fēng)速0.9m/秒）的情況下，必須在垂直燃燒20分鐘內(nèi)燃不起來(lái)，電纜在火焰蔓延2.5米以?xún)?nèi)自行熄滅。IEC60332有A類(lèi)、B類(lèi)、C類(lèi)和D類(lèi)之分，以評(píng)定阻燃性能優(yōu)劣。
UL阻燃標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
　　UL列明的任何電纜經(jīng)過(guò)測(cè)試驗(yàn)證若符合某種防火等級(jí)，可在電纜印上UL識(shí)別字、防火等級(jí)和批準(zhǔn)編號(hào)。
◎ 增壓級(jí)-CMP級(jí)（送風(fēng)燃燒測(cè)試/斯泰鈉風(fēng)道實(shí)驗(yàn)Plenum Flame Test/Steiner TunnelTest）
　　這是 UL防火標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中要求最高的電纜（Plenum Cable），適用安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為UL910，實(shí)驗(yàn)規(guī)定在裝置的水平風(fēng)道上敷設(shè)多條試樣，用87.9KW煤氣本生燈（300，000BTU/Hr）燃燒20分鐘。合格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為火焰不可延伸到距煤氣本生燈火焰前端5英尺以外。光密度的峰值最大為0.5，平均密度值最大為0.15。
　　這種CMP電纜通常安裝在通風(fēng)管道或空氣處理設(shè)備使用的空氣回流增壓系統(tǒng)中，被加拿大和美國(guó)所認(rèn)可采用。符合UL910標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的FEP/PLENUM材料，阻燃性能要比符合IEC60332-1及IEC60332-3標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的低煙無(wú)鹵材料的阻燃性能好，燃燒起來(lái)煙的濃度低。
◎ 干線(xiàn)級(jí)-CMR級(jí)（直立燃燒測(cè)試Riser Flame Test）
　　這是 UL標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中商用級(jí)電纜（Riser Cable）,適用安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為UL1666。實(shí)驗(yàn)規(guī)定在模擬直立軸上敷設(shè)多條試樣，用規(guī)定的154.5KW煤氣本生燈（527，500BTU/Hr）30分鐘。合格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為火焰不可蔓延到12英尺高的房間的上部。干線(xiàn)級(jí)電纜沒(méi)有煙霧濃度規(guī)范，一般用于樓層垂直和水平布線(xiàn)使用。
◎ 商用級(jí)-CM級(jí)（垂直燃燒測(cè)試Vertial Tray Flame Test）
　　這是 UL標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中商用級(jí)電纜（General Purpose Cable），適用安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為UL1581。實(shí)驗(yàn)規(guī)定在垂直8英尺高的支架上敷設(shè)多條試樣，用規(guī)定的20KW帶狀噴燈燃燒（70，000BTU/Hr）20分鐘。合格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為火焰不可蔓延到電纜的上端并自行熄滅。UL1581和IEC60332-3C類(lèi)似，只是敷設(shè)電纜根數(shù)不同。商用級(jí)電纜沒(méi)有煙霧濃度規(guī)范，一般僅應(yīng)用于同一樓層的水平走線(xiàn)，不應(yīng)用于樓層的垂直布線(xiàn)上。
◎ 通用級(jí)-CMG級(jí)（垂直燃燒測(cè)試Vertial Tray Flame Test）
　　這是 UL標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中通用級(jí)電纜（General Purpose Cable），適用安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為UL1581。商用級(jí)和通用級(jí)的測(cè)試條件類(lèi)似，同為加拿大和美國(guó)認(rèn)可使用。通用級(jí)電纜沒(méi)有煙霧濃度規(guī)范，一般僅應(yīng)用于同一樓層的水平走線(xiàn)，不應(yīng)用于樓層的垂直布線(xiàn)上。
◎ 家居級(jí)- CMX級(jí)（垂直燃燒測(cè)試Vertial Wire Flame Test）
　　這是 UL標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中家居級(jí)電纜（Restricted Cable），適用安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為UL1581，VW-1。實(shí)驗(yàn)規(guī)定試樣保持垂直，用試驗(yàn)用的噴燈燃燒（30，000 TU/Hr）15秒鐘，然后停止15秒鐘，反復(fù)5次。合格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為余火焰不可超過(guò)60秒鐘，試樣不可燒損25%以上，墊在底部的外科用棉不可被落下物引燃。UL1581-VW-1和IEC60332-1類(lèi)似，只是燃燒的時(shí)間不同。這種等級(jí)也沒(méi)有煙霧或毒性規(guī)范，僅用于敷設(shè)單條電纜的家庭或小型辦公室系統(tǒng)中。這類(lèi)電纜不應(yīng)成捆敷設(shè)使用，必須套管。
煙密度、鹵素含量和毒性等級(jí)
◎ IEC60754-1/BS6425-1鹵素氣體含量的測(cè)定（Emission Of Halogens）
　　這是 IEC和BS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中針對(duì)氯化氫（HCL）釋放濃度的規(guī)范。鹵素含氟（Florine）、氯（Chlorine）、溴(Bromine)、碘(Iodine)和放射性易揮發(fā)的元素砹(Astatine),成分的毒性很高。實(shí)驗(yàn)規(guī)定，燃燒爐預(yù)熱到800℃時(shí)，把一根內(nèi)置1.0g試樣推入爐內(nèi)，利用氣流排放速率使HCL溶入水中，再測(cè)定水溶液的鹵酸含量。如果電纜材料燃燒時(shí)鹵酸（HCL）釋放量少于5mg/g時(shí)，可被稱(chēng)為無(wú)鹵電纜（LSOH），如果鹵酸（HCL）釋放量大于5mg/g時(shí)而小于15mg/g時(shí)，可被稱(chēng)為低鹵電纜（LSF）。值得注意的是，IEC60754-1方法不能用來(lái)測(cè)定HCL含量小于5 mg/g的材料，即不能判定是否“無(wú)鹵”。需要判定是否完全無(wú)鹵可采用IEC60754-2方法來(lái)測(cè)定。
◎ IEC60754-2氣體酸度測(cè)量（Corrosivity）
　　這是 IEC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中針對(duì)燃燒氣體腐蝕性的規(guī)范，此測(cè)試是量度在燃燒時(shí)物料所產(chǎn)生的鹵酸氣體酸度。它通過(guò)水溶液的PH值和導(dǎo)電率來(lái)測(cè)定。實(shí)驗(yàn)規(guī)定，燃燒爐預(yù)熱到800℃，把一根內(nèi)置試樣的石英管推入爐內(nèi)，同時(shí)開(kāi)始記時(shí)。在試樣燃燒的前5分鐘，每隔1分鐘測(cè)一次PH值和電傳導(dǎo)性能，接下來(lái)的25分鐘每隔5分鐘測(cè)一次。一般無(wú)鹵電纜材料的PH值會(huì)大于4.3，導(dǎo)電率小于10μs；PH值越少，即表示物料的鹵酸氣體酸度越高。值得注意的是，當(dāng)HCL含量大于2mg/g而小于5mg/g（即符合IEC60754-1的要求時(shí)），其水溶液的PH值亦小于4.3，即不符合IEC60754-2的要求。
◎ IEC 61034-1/ASTM E662煙密度（Emission of Smoke）
　　這是 IEC和ASTM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中針對(duì)煙密度的規(guī)范。實(shí)驗(yàn)由一個(gè)3m3的立方體和一個(gè)帶光源的光度測(cè)量系統(tǒng)組成，矩形曹內(nèi)裝酒精作為燃燒源。一個(gè)功率為10-15 m3/分鐘的鼓風(fēng)機(jī)確保煙霧均勻分布在一塊檔風(fēng)板上防止槽上產(chǎn)生火焰渦流，酒精燃燒時(shí)，與光電源相連的記錄儀記下光減弱量。煙密度是以透光率量度，如果能達(dá)到60%光傳輸值（Light Transmittance），該電纜材料就達(dá)到低煙標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，透光率越高，物料于燃燒時(shí)所釋放的煙霧越少。
◎ ISO4589-2/BS2863氧指數(shù)（Oxygen Index LOI）
　　這是 ISO和BS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中針對(duì)氧指數(shù)的規(guī)范。它是指在室溫下，當(dāng)空氣的含氧量大于此氧指數(shù)時(shí)，物料便會(huì)馬上燃燒。氧指數(shù)值越高則表示物料越阻燃。假若某材料的氧指數(shù)為21%，即表示此物料處于正常室溫下亦會(huì)自動(dòng)燃燒，在正常室溫下，空氣的含氧量為21%，一般阻燃電纜的氧指數(shù)均大于33%。
◎ ISO4589-3/BS2782.1溫度指數(shù)（Temperature Index TI）
　　這是 ISO和BS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中針對(duì)溫度指數(shù)的規(guī)范，材料的氧指數(shù)會(huì)隨著溫度升高而下降，當(dāng)氣溫升高而物料的氧指數(shù)降至21%時(shí)，物料便會(huì)自動(dòng)燃燒，此溫度被稱(chēng)為溫度指數(shù)。例如，煤于室溫下的氧指數(shù)為50%，但當(dāng)溫度升高至150℃，氧指數(shù)會(huì)降至21%，此材料亦會(huì)馬上燃燒，材料的溫度指數(shù)便為150℃。一般阻燃電纜溫度指數(shù)均大于250℃。
◎ NES713毒性指數(shù)（Toxicity Index）
　　這是英國(guó)海軍工程 NES標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中針對(duì)電纜材料燃燒時(shí)產(chǎn)生的氣體毒性規(guī)范，毒性是指對(duì)生物體結(jié)構(gòu)造成破壞或功能紊亂的一種性質(zhì)，毒性指數(shù)是指材料燃燒時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的所有氣體的毒性總和表現(xiàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)規(guī)定，燃燒爐預(yù)熱到800℃，電纜材料中含有的有毒物質(zhì)會(huì)被分別燃燒，再利用氣流排放速率收集每種有毒氣體，然后通過(guò)化學(xué)分析計(jì)算每種有毒物質(zhì)的含量，此指數(shù)是以數(shù)目表示其毒性。毒性指數(shù)越大，此物料所釋放氣體的毒性越高。一般無(wú)鹵電纜材料的毒性指數(shù)均小于5。值得注意的是，低煙無(wú)鹵材料燃燒時(shí)亦會(huì)產(chǎn)生有毒的CO，如果材料中含有P、N、S，則生成的有毒氣體更多，因此無(wú)鹵電纜不可稱(chēng)為無(wú)毒電纜，應(yīng)稱(chēng)為低毒電纜。CM、CMR和CMP電纜由于需要通過(guò)嚴(yán)格的UL防火標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，采用的電纜材料多含鹵素，CM和CMR電纜一般以聚氯乙烯（PVC）為基材，而PVC材料含氯；CMP電纜一般以特氟瓏聚四氟乙烯（FEP）為基材，而FEP材料含氟。此類(lèi)含鹵線(xiàn)纜產(chǎn)生的氣體毒性均較無(wú)鹵電纜大數(shù)倍，于火災(zāi)安全中存著很大的隱患，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致火災(zāi)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)多數(shù)的傷亡人員不是被燒死而是被毒氣窒息而亡。
◎ IEC耐火等級(jí)
　　耐火線(xiàn)纜指在火焰燃燒的情況下能保持一定時(shí)間的正常運(yùn)行，即保持線(xiàn)路的完整性（ Circuit Integrity）。為了評(píng)定線(xiàn)纜的阻火性能優(yōu)劣，國(guó)際電工委員會(huì)和英國(guó)電工委員會(huì)分別制定了IEC331和BS6387兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。相比之下BS6387在耐火能力的要求上較IEC331高得多。
◎ IEC60331阻燃等級(jí)
　　IEC60331-1999中，供火溫度要求為750℃/3h級(jí)，表示在750℃下施加300伏電壓水平燃燒3小時(shí)不擊穿。
◎ BS6387阻燃等級(jí)
　　BS6387要求通過(guò)水平燃燒實(shí)驗(yàn)、水噴淋實(shí)驗(yàn)和機(jī)械沖擊震動(dòng)燃燒實(shí)驗(yàn)。水平燃燒實(shí)驗(yàn)為A級(jí)650℃/3h、B級(jí)750℃/3h、C級(jí)950℃/3h和S級(jí)950℃/3min。A級(jí)表示在650℃下施加300伏電壓水平燃燒3小時(shí)不擊穿；B級(jí)表示在750℃下施加300伏電壓水平燃燒3小時(shí)不擊穿；C級(jí)表示在950℃下施加300伏電壓水平燃燒3小時(shí)不擊穿；S級(jí)表示在950℃下施加300伏電壓水平燃燒3分鐘不擊穿。水噴淋燃燒實(shí)驗(yàn)分為W級(jí)，表示在施加300伏電壓燃燒15分鐘然后再淋水燃燒15分鐘不擊穿。沖擊震動(dòng)燃燒實(shí)驗(yàn)分為X級(jí)650℃/15min、Y級(jí)750℃/15min和Z級(jí)950℃/15min、X級(jí)表示在650℃下施加300伏電壓一邊燃燒一邊每30秒機(jī)械沖擊震動(dòng)15分鐘不擊穿；Y級(jí)表示在750℃下施加300伏電壓一邊燃燒一邊每30秒機(jī)械沖擊震動(dòng)一次15分鐘不擊穿；Z級(jí)表示在950℃下施加300伏電壓一邊燃燒一邊每30秒機(jī)械沖擊震動(dòng)一次15分鐘不擊穿。BS6387要求的最高級(jí)別型號(hào)為CWZ。

其它地方抄來(lái)的吧?有沒(méi)有確認(rèn)下內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)確性?

請(qǐng)指教哪錯(cuò)了，謝謝

頂一下

講的挺詳細(xì)~挺好！

嗯  誰(shuí)說(shuō)不好了 即使是抄襲也要說(shuō)是引薦 我們的目的就是學(xué)習(xí) 交流

hjbnihao:
請(qǐng)指教哪錯(cuò)了，謝謝

首先樓主從網(wǎng)上把這么好的文章拿來(lái)分享給大家,其初衷是非常好的,應(yīng)該肯定.我只是希望大家獲得不但有用,而且是準(zhǔn)確的信息.文章里沒(méi)有大的錯(cuò)誤,只是有些小的筆誤和遺漏.為了讓大家共同學(xué)習(xí)和進(jìn)步,特附上英文原版,以供對(duì)照:

Fire Retardant Cables  
At present, in cable industry, Fire Retardant, Low Smoke Halogen Free (LSZH) OR Low Smoke Fume (LSF), Fire Resistant cables are all described as Fire Retardant & Resistant Cables  
Fire Retardant  
Fire retardant cables are designed for use in fire situations where the spread of flames along a cable route need to be retarded. Due to relative low cost, fire retardant cables are widely used as fire survival cables. No matter the cables are installed in single wire or in bundles, during a fire, the flame spread will be retarded and the fire will be confined to a small area, thus reducing the fire hazard due to fire propagation.  
   
Low Smoke & Halogen Free & Fire retardant (LSZH)  
LSZH cables are not only characterized by its fire retardant performance but also by its halogen free properties, thus offering low corrosivity and toxicity. During a fire, this cable will emit less smoke and acid gases which may damage the human being and expensive equipment. Compared with normal PVC cable, LSZH cable outperforms by its fire retardant properties, low corrosivity and low smoke emission properties, however, normal PVC cables has better mechanical and electrical properties.  
   
Low Smoke Fume (LSF)  
The low halogen content and low corrosivity of low smoke fume cables lies somewhat in between fire retardant cables and LSZH cables. Low Halogen cable also contains halogen but the content is much less than PVC cables. LSF cable is designed to reduce the spread of fire, toxic gases and smoke during fire. The LSF cable is usually manufactured from flame retardant PVC blended with HCL additive and smoke absorbent. These materials help improve the fire performance of the LSF cables  
   
Fire Resistant  
Fire resistant cables are designed to maintain circuit integrity of those vital emergency services during the fire. The individual conductors are wrapped with a layer of fire resisting mica/glass tape which prevents phase to phase and phase to earth contact even after the insulation has been burnt away. The fire resistant cables exhibit same performance even under fire with water spray or mechanical shock situation.  
   
Fire Performance Class  
The main concern for the cable in its fire survival properties are its flame spread, smoke characterization and gas toxicity. In American fire standard, the concern lies more on the first two and it differs from the European standard which concerns all these aspects. In USA, it is believed that the fire hazard is mainly due to CO toxic gas emitted and the heat release during the conversion of CO to CO2 during the fire. Therefore, to control the heat release is the most important concern for reducing the fire hazard. However, in European countries, halogen content, the corrosivity of the gases, the smoke density and the toxicity of the gas are equally important factors affecting the safety and survival of human during a fire.  
   
The European Electrical Committee categorized the fire performance of the cables into three classes, namely IEC60332-1、IEC60332-2 and IEC60332-3. IEC 60332-1 and IEC 60332-2 are used to assess the flame propagation characteristics of a single wire. IEC 60332-3 is used to assess the flame propagation characteristics of bundled cables. Comparatively speaking, IEC 60332-3 for bundled cables is more demanding than IEC60332-1 for single wires  
   
IEC 60332-1/BS 4066-1 (Flame Test on Single Vertical Insulated Wires/Cables)  
This test details a method of test for the assessment of the flame propagation characteristics of a single wire or cable. In this test, a 60cm cable sample is fixed vertically inside a metallic box and a 175mm long flame is applied at 45o from a gas burner placed at 450mm from the top at the upper portion. The specimen is deemed to have passed this test, of after burning has ceased, the charred or affected position does not reach within 50mm of the lower edge of the top clamp which is equivalent to 425mm above the point of flame application. The test method is not suitable for the testing of some small wires due to the melting of the conductors during the time of application of the flame.  
   
IEC 60332-3/BS 4066-3 (Flame Test on Bunched Wires/Cables)  
IEC60332-3C describes a method of type approval testing to define the ability of bunched cables to resist fire propagation. In this test, a cable specimen, consisting of number of 3.5m lengths of cables are fixed to a vertical ladder tray where they are applied with a flame from a gas burner for a specified times under controlled air flow. Four categories (A, B, C & D) are defined and distinguished by test duration and the volume of non metallic material of the sample under test. The cable specimen is deemed to have met the requirements of the standard if, after burning has ceased, the extent of charred or affected portion does not reach a height exceeding 2.5m above the bottom edge of the burner.  
   
UL Fire standard  
If a cable can pass a specified UL fire standard, an UL performance verification mark can be applied onto the cable jacket, illustrating both the UL class and the number. There are four primary fire testing standards as follows:  
   
CMP (Plenum Flame Test/ Steiner Tunnel Test)  
Plenum rated cables meet the NFPA-262 standard (formerly known as UL910) which provides the most stringent requirement of all the tests. Cable samples on a horizontal tray in a tunnel type of chamber are burned at 87.9KW (300000 BTU/Hr) for 20 minutes. To qualify for a plenum rating, the cables must have the flame spread of less than 5 feet or 1.5 meters, with a smoke density during the test of (a) 0.5 peak; and 0.15 maximum averages. The CMP cable is usually installed in air ventilation duct and air return widely used in Canada and USA. The fire retardancy properties of CMP cable is much better than LSZH cable complying with IEC 60332-1 and IEC 60332-3..  
  
CMR (Riser Flame Test)  
Riser rated cables meets UL 1666. Cable samples on a vertical shaft are burned at 154.5KW (527500 BTU/Hr) for 30 minutes. To qualify for a riser rating, the cables must have the flame spread of less than 12 feet beyond the ignition point. This test does not look at the smoke density or toxicity. Riser cable is suitable for vertical shafts not defined as an environmental air plenum.  
  
CM (Vertical Tray Flame Test)  
General purpose cables meet UL 1581. Cable samples on an 8 feet vertical tray are burned at 20KW (70,000 BTU/Hr) for 20 minutes. The cable is deemed to pass the test if the flame spread will not extend to the upper portion and extinguish by itself. UL 1581 is similar to IEC 60332-3C, except for that the number of testing samples is different. This test does not look at the smoke density or toxicity. The CM cables are usually used in runs penetrating single floor. This cable cannot be installed in vertical pathways.  
  
CMG (Vertical Tray Flame Test)  
This general purpose cables also meets UL 1581. CM and CMG are similar, both recognized in Canada and USA. This test does not look at the smoke density or toxicity. The CMG cables are usually used in runs penetrating single floor. This cable cannot be installed in vertical pathways.  
CMX (Vertical Tray Flame Test) 
The restricted cable meets UL 1581, Limited-use. The test consists of 25 feet long ventilated tunnel. The cable is placed on a ladder inside the tunnel and the flame of 30,000 BTU/Hr is applied to the cable 15 seconds on and 15 seconds off five times for a total exposure to the flame of 1 minute and 15 seconds. To qualify for this test, after the test flame is removed, the cable can flame for not more than 60 seconds and the charred portion will not exceed by 25%. UL 1581, VW-1 is similar to IEC 60332-1, except for the difference in the time for flame applied. This test does not look at the smoke density or toxicity. The CMX cable is suitable for use in dwellings and for use in raceway. This cable cannot be installed in bundles and must be protected in metal conduit. This type of cable is the minimum requirement in commercial installations.  
  
IEC60754-1/BS6425- 1 （Emission Of Halogens）  
This specifies a test for determination of the amount of halogen acid gas, other than the hydrofluoric acid, evolve during combustion of compound based on halogenated polymers and compounds containing halogenated additives taken from cable constructions. Halogen includes Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine. All these elements are toxic by its nature. In this test, when the burner is heated to 800℃, 1g sample is placed inside and the HCL is absorbed into water inside the chamber fed with air flow. The water is then tested with its acidity. If the hydrochloric acid yield is less than 5%, the cable is categorized as LSZH. If the hydrochloric acid yield lies between 5% and 15%, the cable is categorized as LSF. IEC 60754-1 cannot be used for measuring the exact HCL yield if it is less than 5% and thus cannot tell if the cable is halogen free or not. To determine if the cable is halogen free, IEC 60754-2 should be used.  
  
IEC6 0754-2 （Acidity）  
This test specifies a method for the determination of degree of acidity of gases evolved during combustion of cables taken from the cable sample by measuring its pH and conductivity. The specimen is deemed to pass this test if the pH value is not less than 4.3 when related to 1 liter of water and conductivity is less than 10us/min. When the HCL yield lies between 2mg/g and 5mg/g, a cable specimen can pass IEC 60754-1 but its pH value may be less than 4.3 and therefore will not pass the IEC 60754-2 test.  
  
IEC 61034-1&2/ASTM E662 （Smoke Density）  
This specifies a test for determination of smoke density. The “3 meter cube test” measures the generation of smoke from electric cables during fire. A light beam emitted from a window is projected across the enclosure to a photo cell connected to a recorder at the opposite window. The recorder is adjusted to register from 0% for complete obscuration to 100% luminous transmission. A 1 meter cable sample is placed in the centre of the enclosure and is applied with a fire. The minimum light transmission is recorded. The result is expressed as percentage of light transmitted. The specimen is deemed to pass this test (IEC 61034-1&2) if the value is greater than 60%. The higher the light transmittance, the less smoke emitted during a fire.  
  
ISO4589-2/BS2863 （ Oxygen Index LOI ）  
This is a test for assessing the oxygen index of the material in accordance with the test method specified in ASTM D 2863-95 “Measuring the minimum oxygen concentration to support candle-like combustion of plastics”. At room temperature, when the oxygen content in the air exceeds the oxygen index, the material will burn by itself automatically. The higher the oxygen index, the more retardant the cable is. For example if the oxygen index of a material is 21%, it means that the material will burn by itself even at room temperature because at room temperature the normal oxygen content is 21%, In general, the oxygen index of a fire retardant cable exceeds 33%  
  
ISO4589/BS2782.1 (Temperature Index TI for determination of flammability) 
This is a test for assessing the performance of a material when it is tested in accordance with BS2782: Part 1: Method 143A and 143B. The oxygen index of a material will drop when the temperature rises. When the temperature rises and the oxygen index drops to 21%, the material will burn automatically. This temperature is defined as temperature index. For example, the temperature index at room temperature is 50% and when the temperature climbs to 150℃, the oxygen index drops to 21% and the coal will burn by itself automatically. The temperature index of the coal is defined as 150℃. In general, the temperature index of fire retardant cable exceeds 250℃.  

NES713 ( Toxicity Index ）  
This is a test defined by Naval Engineering Standard which is a directed at the analysis of a specified set of gaseous species which are commonly present in the combustion products of materials used in military application and which may cause lethality at the time of a fire. In this test, a 1 g cable specimen are completely burnt inside a sealed chambers of volume 0.7-1m3 using a burner fed with air and gas to give a non-luminous flame. The resulting chamber atmosphere is quantitatively analyzed for a specified set of gases. For each gas, the measured concentration (Ci) is scaled up for 100g and the concentration is recalculated as though the combustion products are diffused into a volume of exactly 1m3. The resulting concentration (C8) is expressed as the ratio of critical factor (CF) which is equal to the concentration of this gas considered fatal to human for 30 minutes exposure. The ratio C8/Cf is summed for all gases detected to give the toxicity index. The higher the toxicity index, the more toxic the cable material is. In general, the toxicity index of LSZH material is less than 5. LSZH cable will also emit toxic CO and if the cable materials contain P, N or S, the toxic gases generated will even be greater. Thus, LSZH cable cannot be categorized as toxic free. CM, CMR and CMP cables in general contains halogen content which is essential for passing the strict fire retardancy testing. For example CMP is made from FEP which contains Fluorine and is much toxic than normal LSZH cable 
 
IEC Fire Resistance Testing  
Fire resistant cables are designed for maintaining circuit integrity during a fire. Both the IEC and the BEC adopted two different standards, namely the IEC 60331 and BS 6387. Comparatively speaking, the fire performance requirement for BS 6387 is more demanding. 

IEC 60331 fire performance standard. 
IEC 60331-1999 details a method of test for assessing the fire resisting characteristics of a cable. The cable is defined as fire resisting if , under the conditions of this test, it being assumed that the test flame intensity is of sufficient magnitude to destroy the organic material, no failure of any of the 3A fuses occurs and if the withstand voltage on completion is not less than the rated voltage of the cable. The cable sample is deemed to pass this test if no fuse was ruptured nor any lamps extinguished during the 3 hour flame application and on re energizing the cable after 16 hours. 

BS6387 
BS 6387 specifies the performance requirements for cables required to maintain circuit integrity under fire conditions. It details the following methods to categorize the cables according to cable withstand capacities. 

Resistance to fire alone – the cables is tested by gas burner flame while passing a current at its rate voltage. Four survival categories are defined: Cat A (3hours at 650℃ ); Cat B (3 hours at 750℃ ; Cat C (3 hours at 950℃ ) & Cat S (20 minutes at 950℃ ). 
Resistance to fire with water spray – a new sample of cable is exposed to flame at 650℃ for 15 minutes while passing a current at its rated voltage and then the spray is turned on to give exposure to both fire and water for a further 15 minutes. A single survival category W is defined if the cables surpassed the testing requirement. 
Resistance to fire with mechanical shock – the final requirement is mechanical shock damage. A fresh sample is mounted on a backing panel in a S bend and is exposed flames while the backing panel is stuck with a steel bar with same diameter as the cable under test every 30 seconds for 15 minutes. The cables will be tested under the following temperatures: X (650℃ ), Y (750 ℃ ) and Z (950℃ ).

另,我附上時(shí)性膠料燃燒測(cè)試和電線(xiàn)燃燒測(cè)試相關(guān)內(nèi)容,以供大家更加全面的了解.

一、可燃性UL94等級(jí)是應(yīng)用最廣泛的塑料材料可燃性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。它用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)材料在被點(diǎn)燃后熄滅的能力。根據(jù)燃燒速度、燃燒時(shí)間、抗滴能力以及滴珠是否燃燒可有多種評(píng)判方法。每種被測(cè)材料根據(jù)顏色或厚度都可以得到許多值。當(dāng)選定某個(gè)產(chǎn)品的材料時(shí)，其UL等級(jí)應(yīng)滿(mǎn)足塑料零件壁部分的厚度要求。UL等級(jí)應(yīng)與厚度值一起報(bào)告，只報(bào)告UL等級(jí)而沒(méi)有厚度是不夠的。UL94中共有12種：HB、V-0、V-1、V-2、5VA、5VB、VTM-0、VTM-1、VTM-2、HBF、HF-1、HF-2。塑料阻燃等級(jí)由HB，V-2，V-1,V-0,5VB向5VA逐級(jí)遞增：
 HB：UL94標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中最底的阻燃等級(jí)。要求對(duì)于3到13 毫米厚的樣品，燃燒速度小于40毫米每分鐘；小于3毫米厚的樣品，燃燒速度小于70毫米每分鐘；或者在100毫米的標(biāo)志前熄滅。
 V-2：對(duì)樣品進(jìn)行兩次10秒的燃燒測(cè)試后，余焰&余燃在60秒內(nèi)熄滅。滴落的微�？牲c(diǎn)燃棉花。
 V-1：對(duì)樣品進(jìn)行兩次10秒的燃燒測(cè)試后，余焰&余燃在60秒內(nèi)熄滅。滴落的微粒不可點(diǎn)燃棉花。
 V-0：對(duì)樣品進(jìn)行兩次10秒的燃燒測(cè)試后，余焰&余燃在30秒內(nèi)熄滅。滴落的微粒不可點(diǎn)燃棉花。
 5VB: 對(duì)樣品進(jìn)行五次5秒的燃燒測(cè)試后,余焰&余燃在60秒內(nèi)熄滅。滴落的微粒不可點(diǎn)燃棉花。對(duì)于塊狀樣品允許被燒穿.
 5VA: 對(duì)樣品進(jìn)行五次5秒的燃燒測(cè)試后,余焰&余燃在30秒內(nèi)熄滅。滴落的微粒不可點(diǎn)燃棉花。對(duì)于塊狀樣品不允許被燒穿.

二、電線(xiàn)燃燒方式：
 VW-1：垂直燃燒測(cè)試（UL電線(xiàn)燃燒等級(jí)）
 FT1：垂直燃燒測(cè)試；
 FT2：水平燃燒測(cè)試；
 FT4：垂直燃燒測(cè)試；
 FT6：水平燃燒和煙熏測(cè)試。（FT類(lèi)的燃燒等級(jí)是CSA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電線(xiàn)燃燒等級(jí)）
以上級(jí)別中：VW-1與FT1同一個(gè)等級(jí)，F(xiàn)T2最容易通過(guò)，等級(jí)最低．(FT6>FT4>FT1>FT2)；VW-1嚴(yán)格于 FT1，二者都是垂直燃燒，判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
1) 燃燒標(biāo)記(牛皮紙)不能被炭化超過(guò)２５%；
2)５次１５秒的燃燒續(xù)燃時(shí)間不能超過(guò)６０秒；
3）燃燒滴落物不能引燃棉花；
VW-1要求滿(mǎn)足１，２，３； FT1只要求滿(mǎn)足１，２

三、對(duì)于電線(xiàn)行業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)UL 94 的 V-2, V-1, V-0, 5VA,5VB考核的是電線(xiàn)所用的材料，測(cè)試時(shí)要另外用測(cè)試材料制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣本，不會(huì)在電線(xiàn)上標(biāo)識(shí)。VW-1 VW -2 FT-1 FT-2考核的是電線(xiàn)本身，測(cè)試通過(guò)后，可以在電線(xiàn)上標(biāo)識(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的等級(jí)。電線(xiàn)的阻燃跟UL94的阻燃完全是兩個(gè)不同的東西，打個(gè)比方 一種絕緣材料能通過(guò)UL94的V-0 但不一定就能通過(guò)VW-1；另外UL94是絕緣材料的阻燃，而電線(xiàn)的阻燃要求一般是在UL758 62 1581上，對(duì)象不同；所以V-0 V-1等UL94里面的阻燃根本就不是電線(xiàn)的阻燃；在AWM線(xiàn)材上就沒(méi)有印“V-0”！ UL94燃燒試驗(yàn)中有HB、V0、V1、V2、VMT、5VA、5VB等燃燒試驗(yàn)，而UL1581中有VW-1、FT1、FT2、FT4等燃燒試驗(yàn)，這二大試驗(yàn)在設(shè)備上的區(qū)別如下：
 VW-1\FT1噴燈為：125mm（500W）、燃燒火焰：內(nèi)焰高度40±2mm，外焰125±10mm
 UL94 HB、V級(jí)噴燈為：20mm（50W），燃燒火焰：藍(lán)焰內(nèi)無(wú)錐形，高度20±1mm
 UL94中的5V級(jí)燃燒是采用125mm（500W）、燃燒火焰：內(nèi)焰高度40±2mm，外焰125±10mm
 火焰的火焰溫度也不一樣：20mm（50W）試驗(yàn)火焰：100±2~700±3℃的時(shí)間是44±2S；125mm（500W）試驗(yàn)火焰：100±2~700±3℃的時(shí)間是54±2S。
 試驗(yàn)空間也不一樣：UL94中的HB、V、VMT其空間只要求大于0.5立方就可以，而5V要求大于0.75立方，VW-1要求大于4立方。
 甲烷的流量要求不一樣：HB級(jí)、V級(jí)、VMT級(jí)燃?xì)饬髁繛?05ml/min，背壓力10mm水柱或相等壓力；5V級(jí)燃?xì)饬髁繛?65ml/min，125±25mm水柱或相等壓力，VW-1與UL94中的5V級(jí)背壓力一樣：燃?xì)饬髁繛?65ml/min， 125±25mm水柱或相等壓力。（注意：目前國(guó)內(nèi)很多的塑料UL94燃燒機(jī)并沒(méi)有配備專(zhuān)用的甲烷流量計(jì)（常常用空氣流量計(jì)代替，從而造成很大差異�。�，另外也沒(méi)有配備U型背壓力計(jì)！，更重要一點(diǎn)是：沒(méi)有配備火焰測(cè)溫系統(tǒng)。UL94中的5V級(jí)燃燒與VW-1燃燒的試驗(yàn)條件與試驗(yàn)方法差不多，比較接近！提醒大家：不管是VW-1還是UL94燃燒試驗(yàn)設(shè)備，都得參照ASTM5025與ASTM5027，UL1581與UL94只是試驗(yàn)方法，試驗(yàn)設(shè)備的要求一定要按ASTM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)！

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